Affinities
The following are Affinities shown in the series or mentioned by the series author (Robert Blaise) in the official 1% Lifesteal Discord.
Basic affinities are just that. Basic. They can come standard in any randomized combination (up to 3) along with your talent from a Prime Vestige.
Advanced affinities are (perhaps barring extreme exceptions?) gained through a chance to form from having the advanced affinity's corresponding basic affinity when ascending. (IE, it's extremely common for those with the Earth affinity to gain the Metal affinity when they ascend to the second star).
Special affinities: Little is known about them, though Robert Blaise has said that you can't have any other affinities (except unique affinities) if you get a special affinity. There may be exceptions (IE, it might be possible for someone with the Dream affinity to use a unique prime vestige to get a second talent along with 1-3 basic affinities), but that's just speculation until/unless Robert says otherwise.
Basic:
Air
Blood
Dark
Death
Earth
Fire
Life
Light
Nature
Water
Advanced Affinities:
Crystal
Holy (Advanced Light Affinity)
Ice (Advanced Water Affinity)
Lightning (Advanced Wind Affinity)
Metal (Advanced Earth Affinity)
Poison
Unholy (Advanced Dark Affinity)
Special Affinities:
Dream
Fabric
Glass
Plastic
Rust
Unique Affinities:
Lifeflame (Narcisse Morlep AKA Madame)
Perished Water (Freddy Stern)
Ritual (Nathaniel Kirurg AKA Silverheart, and an unnamed gear crafter in book 4)
Soulfire (Peri Ostrevald)
Notes:
Robert Blaise often says very few things in the series are absolutes without exception, so take all this with a grain of salt.